Janet Leigh in ‘Psycho’
Photo: Bettmann ArchiveOur faces can convey the most nuanced of messages through the tiniest of cues—say, the wrinkle of the mouth or the scrunch of the nose. Yet the omnipresence of masks in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic has largely hobbled the face as an effective means of communication. We can see each other’s eyes, and hear each other’s muffled voices, but much else has been lost.
To understand just how much, consider that staple of cinematic art, the whole face close-up. From the earliest days of the medium, the close-up has helped filmmakers in telling stories by offering an intimate view of a human face in motion. “We didn’t need dialogue; we had faces,” Gloria Swanson’sNorma Desmond famously says in Billy Wilder’s “Sunset Boulevard” (1950). She was talking about the silent era, but her words apply to talkies, too.
Uses of the close-up are as diverse as the faces they depict, deployed when directors need a double take in a comedy or a moment of contemplation in a drama. At the end of “Queen Christina” (1933), director Rouben Mamoulian’s camera draws closer and closer before settling on the magisterial face of Greta Garbo’s Swedish queen—a magnificent projection of regal mystery. Other directors recognize the impact of the close-up for shock value: In the shower scene of “Psycho” (1960), after the curtain has been pulled back, Alfred Hitchcock cut to a succession of increasingly tight close-ups of a shrieking Janet Leigh. And, in the climax of “The Shining” (1980), Stanley Kubrick knew that no special effect could top the sight of Jack Nicholson, his delirious, disheveled face framed by a chopped-up door, exclaiming, “Here’s Johnny!”
Jack Nicholson in ‘The Shining’
Photo: Corbis via Getty ImagesIn his history of silent cinema, “The Parade’s Gone By...,” author Kevin Brownlow writes that close-ups appeared in films as far back as 1896. But he credits pioneering director D.W. Griffith with using the device more widely—much to the confusion of perplexed audiences, who could not comprehend the sight of a face shorn of a body. “The theater managers almost canceled his pictures,” Allan Dwan, another silent-era pioneer, told Mr. Brownlow. “They couldn’t understand how people were walking around without legs. In the theater they were accustomed to seeing the whole body, and what it was standing on. But to see a head moving around, cut off at the neck, just wasn’t acceptable.”
Audiences soon became acclimated to the close-up, but the best directors knew that the technique was most potent if used judiciously. “Better to save those big close-ups until the audience begins to know a little about the people, and then that person’s face and what he’s thinking means more to them,” director Howard Hawks told Peter Bogdanovich in an interview included in Mr. Bogdanovich’s book “Who the Devil Made It.”
During the silent era, cameras were sometimes kept far from faces to better emphasize the physical scale of epic productions—as in, say, Cecil B. DeMille’s “The Ten Commandments” (1923)—or the slapstick pyrotechnics of the great clowns of the era, such as Charlie Chaplin or Buster Keaton, whose type of physical comedy demanded that the whole body remain visible. Yet, when the camera was moved closer to the stars, the results could be overwhelmingly powerful.
Charlie Chaplin in ‘City Lights’
Photo: Alamy Stock PhotoIn the famous concluding moments of his masterpiece “City Lights” (1931), Chaplin boldly departed from his usual visual style to indulge in a deeply emotive series of close-ups. After a once-blind, now-sighted young woman identifies Chaplin’s Tramp character by grasping his hand—the only way she can recognize him, having “met” him that way while blind—Chaplin lingers on tight shots of his own charmingly mustachioed expression; the camera takes in the intricacies of Chaplin’s face, which shifts from a bashful grin to something like a full-fledged smile.
The close-up at its best is a means to ponder the inner workings of a character’s mind. At the end of “Breathless” (1960), Jean-Luc Godard positively loitered on the inscrutable face of Jean Seberg’s Patricia as her character considers the death of her law-breaking lover Michel, played by Jean-Paul Belmondo. Think, too, of the succession of ever-closer shots of Jimmy Stewart in Hitchcock’s “Vertigo” (1958) as his character is confronted with the green-tinted realization of the woman who is his idée fixe. At the climax of Orson Welles’s Shakespeare film “Chimes at Midnight” (1965), Welles, playing Falstaff, is seen in a series of wounded but stoic close-ups as his character absorbs the shock of being renounced by Henry V—the use of the close-up here adding supreme poetry to a scene conceived for the stage.
To adopt the lexicon of François Truffaut, these scenes are “privileged moments” in which the performer’s armor—such as physical grace or athleticism or sharing the same frame with other actors—is removed and we see their inner lives.
Erich von Stroheim and Gloria Swanson in ‘Sunset Boulevard’
Photo: Getty ImagesToday, the cinematic close-up takes on added significance as we find ourselves missing the full complement of visual cues from friends and strangers. Only in the movies, perhaps, can we relate to each other in the way we did just a few short months ago. That’s why, to invoke Norma Desmond once more, when the masks come off we will be ready for our close-ups.
—Mr. Tonguette is the author of “Picturing Peter Bogdanovich: My Conversations With the New Hollywood Director,” just out from the University Press of Kentucky.
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